Nitwings | Category: Linux

Ci Tool Jenkins

by Anil Jalela | Oct 21, 2022 | DevOps

Jenkins:-

→ Jenkins is an Open-Source project Written in Java that runs on Windows, macOS, and Other Unix-like Operating Systems. It is free, Community Supported, and might be your first-choice tool for CI.

→ Jenkins automates the entire Software development life Cycle

→ Jenkins was Originally developed by Sun Microsystem in 2004 under the name Hudson.

→ The project was later named Jenkins when Oracle bought Microsystems.

→ It Can run on any major platform without any Compatibilities issues.

→ Whenever developers Write Code, we integrate all that Code of all developers at that point in time and we build, test, and deliver/Deploy to the client. This process is called CI/CD ..

→ Jenkins helps us to achieve fast development.

→ Because of CI, Now bugs will be reported fast and get rectified fast So the entire Software development happens fast.

Workflow of Jenkins:-

→ We Can attach git, Maven, Selenium, Sonarqube, and Artifactory plugins to Jenkins.

→ Once developers put Code in GitHub, – Jenkins pulls that Code & sends to Maven for build

→ Once the build is done Jenkins pulls that Code and sends it to Selenium for testing.

→ Once testing is done, then Jenkins will pull that Code and Send it to artifactory (archive) as per requirement and so on.

→ We Can also deploy codes with Jenkins.

Build means=( compile, code review, unit testing, Integration testing, packaging[tar,jar,exe] )

Advantages of Jenkins: –

→ It has lots of plug-ins available

→ You Can Write your own plug-in.

→ You Can use Community Plug-in.

→ Jenkins is not just a tool. It is a framework i.e.: – You Can do whatever you want All you need is plug-ins.

→ We Can attach Slaves (nodes) to Jenkins master. It instructs others (slaves) to do Job. If slaves are not available Jenkins itself does the job.

→ Jenkins also behaves as a crone Server Replacement. i.e.: – Can do the scheduled task.
→ It Can Create Labels

yum install yum install fontconfig java-11-openjdk.x86_64

install java

alternatives –config java

the set version of java

cp /etc/profile /etc/profile_backup

backup profile

echo ‘export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/ /usr/lib/jvm/jre_11_openjdk’ |tee -a /etc/profile

export java development kit home

echo ‘export JRE_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/jre’ | tee -a /etc/profile

export JVM home

source /etc/profile

export configurations in the current system environment

wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/jenkins.repo https://pkg.jenkins.io/redhat-stable/jenkins.repo

Download the stable repo for yum

rpm –import https://pkg.jenkins.io/redhat-stable/jenkins.io.key

Import key for package signature verification

yum install jenkins

Install Jenkins

systemctl start jenkins.service

Start Jenkins service

systemctl enable jenkins.service

Enable Jenkins service

what needs to learn in Jenkins?

‌Introduction to Jenkins
‌      Introduction to Continuous Integration
‌      Continuous Integration vs Continuous Delivery
‌      Jenkins Overview
‌      Characteristics and features
‌      Architecture
‌      Concepts and Terms
‌      Benefits and Limitations
‌Installation and Configuration
‌      Jenkins Installation and Configuration
‌      Plug-ins Overview
‌      Integration with Git
‌      Integration with Maven
‌      Integration with Java
‌      Installing plugins
‌Setting up Build Jobs
‌      Jenkins Dashboard
‌      Create the first job
‌      Running the first job
‌      Manage jobs – failing, disable, update and delete
‌      Pipeline with Jenkinsfile
‌      Freestyle Project Configuration
‌      Git Hooks and Other Build Triggers
‌      Workspace Environment Variables
‌      Parameterized Projects
‌      UpstreamDownstream Projects and the Parameterized Trigger Plugin
‌      Build a Java application with Maven using Jenkins
‌Continuous Delivery Pipeline
‌      Publishing Build Artifacts
‌      Deployment Plug-in setup and configuration
‌      Auto Deployment of build artifacts into the target server
‌      Deploy a Java application with Maven using Jenkins
‌      Executing selenium Functional Testing with deployment
‌Management, Security and Best Practices
‌      Managing and Monitoring Jenkins Server
‌      Scaling Jenkins
‌      Securing Jenkins
‌ Adding Linux Node and executing job on it
‌      Adding windows node and executing job on it
‌      Configuring access control on Jenkins
‌      Configuring role-based access control
‌      Jenkins logs
‌      Management
‌      Credentials in Jenkins
‌      Best Practices
‌Jenkins Pipeline
‌ Writing Jenkins Pipeline file for java application build and deployment
‌ Storing Jenkins in git and configuring webhook
‌ Difference between declarative and scripted pipeline
‌ Specify an agent in the pipeline
‌      Parameters in Pipeline
‌ Schedule build in the pipeline
‌      Webhook in pipeline
‌      Approval in pipeline
‌ Approval with timeout in the pipeline
‌      Variables in pipeline
‌      Email notification in the pipeline
‌      Post-build action in the pipeline
‌ Parallel stages in the pipeline
‌ Condition in pipeline
‌ Selenium Functional Testing in the pipeline

Yum (Yellowdog Update Modified)

by Anil Jalela | Oct 20, 2022 | Linux

Yum (Yellowdog Update Modified) is an RPM Packet Management system for Fedora, CentOS, Red Hat, OpenSuse, etc. Yum, history (list, info, summary, repeat, redo, undo, new) commands is added on the 3.2.25 version. So this works for every Linux Distros, which uses yum 3.2.25 or newer. Yum, history command is really useful in situations where the need to example roll back the latest yum activity or undelete some deletes or just see what is updated lately.
Yum history and Yum history list

yum history lists all the latest yum operations and yum history list all operations or just selected package operations

Listing all operations

[root ~]> yum history
### OR ###
[root ~]> yum history list
Loaded plugins: dellsysidplugin2, fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit
ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
————————————————————–
45 | System <unset> | 2010-01-18 09:57 | I, U | 21
44 | User <username> | 2010-01-14 15:31 | Install | 1
43 | System <unset> | 2010-01-14 08:13 | Update | 19
42 | System <unset> | 2010-01-13 10:39 | I, U | 40
41 | System <unset> | 2010-01-11 07:59 | Update | 16
40 | System <unset> | 2010-01-08 07:58 | Update | 38
39 | System <unset> | 2010-01-07 08:39 | I, O, U | 39
38 | System <unset> | 2010-01-05 08:23 | O, U | 18
37 | User <username> | 2010-01-04 15:43 | Install | 1
36 | System <unset> | 2010-01-04 07:56 | Update | 66
35 | User <username> | 2009-12-30 10:07 | Install | 2
34 | User <username> | 2009-12-30 10:01 | Update | 15
33 | User <username> | 2009-12-30 08:14 | Install | 13
32 | System <unset> | 2009-12-29 07:52 | I, U | 26
31 | System <unset> | 2009-12-28 08:31 | E, I, U | 66
30 | System <unset> | 2009-12-23 12:11 | Update | 7
29 | System <unset> | 2009-12-22 13:59 | Update | 36
28 | User <username> | 2009-12-21 13:21 | Install | 1
27 | System <unset> | 2009-12-18 14:59 | Update | 56
26 | User <username> | 2009-12-18 08:46 | Install | 1
history list

Listing Arora browser operations

Yum history info

Show full information by history ID.

Remove Arora browser

[root ~]> yum remove arora
Loaded plugins: dellsysidplugin2, fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit
Setting up Remove Process
[…]
=====================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=====================================================
Removing:
arora i686 0.10.2-2.fc12 installed 3.7 M

Transaction Summary
=====================================================
Remove 1 Package(s)
Reinstall 0 Package(s)
Downgrade 0 Package(s)

Is this ok [y/N]: y
[…]
Running Transaction
Erasing : arora-0.10.2-2.fc12.i686 1/1

Removed:
arora.i686 0:0.10.2-2.fc12

Complete!

Yum history list

Show history info for ID 2

[root ~]> yum history info 2
Loaded plugins: dellsysidplugin2, fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit
Transaction ID : 2
Begin time : Tue Jan 19 15:10:13 2010
Begin rpmdb : 2431:fe4c2c846fd45c9125fb8ab27542a27b22e0d3df
End time : 15:10:27 2010 (14 seconds)
End rpmdb : 2430:2eeb12b0b0f2ef3fcb31b4447b439e76e92e3866
User : User <username>
Return-Code : Success
Transaction performed with:
Installed rpm-4.7.2-1.fc12.i686
Installed yum-3.2.25-1.fc12.noarch
Installed yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.24-2.fc12.noarch
Packages Altered:
Erase arora-0.10.2-2.fc12.i686
history info

Yum history summary

Shows summary of lates operations.

Yum history repeat

yum history repeat command repeats old operation by history ID.

[root ~]> yum history repeat 2
Loaded plugins: dellsysidplugin2, fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* fedora: mirror.cogentco.com
* livna: rpm.livna.org
[…]
Repeating transaction 2, from Tue Jan 19 15:10:13 2010
Erase arora-0.10.2-2.fc12.i686
No package matched to remove
history repeat

Yum history undo

yum history undo simply undo operations by history ID.

Undo Arora browser erase

[root ~]> yum history undo 2
Loaded plugins: dellsysidplugin2, fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
[…]
Undoing transaction 2, from Tue Jan 19 15:10:13 2010
Erase arora-0.10.2-2.fc12.i686
Resolving Dependencies
–> Running transaction check
—> Package arora.i686 0:0.10.2-2.fc12 set to be updated
–> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=====================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=====================================================
Installing:
arora i686 0.10.2-2.fc12 updates 1.1 M

Transaction Summary
=====================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Upgrade 0 Package(s)

Total download size: 1.1 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
arora-0.10.2-2.fc12.i686.rpm | 1.1 MB 00:00
[…]
Running Transaction
Installing : arora-0.10.2-2.fc12.i686 1/1

Installed:
arora.i686 0:0.10.2-2.fc12

Complete!

History list after undo

Yum history redo

yum history redo simply redos operation from yum history by ID.

[root ~]> yum history redo 2
Loaded plugins: dellsysidplugin2, fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit
[…]
Repeating transaction 2, from Tue Jan 19 15:10:13 2010
Erase arora-0.10.2-2.fc12.i686
Resolving Dependencies
–> Running transaction check
—> Package arora.i686 0:0.10.2-2.fc12 set to be erased
–> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=====================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=====================================================
Removing:
arora i686 0.10.2-2.fc12 installed 3.7 M

Transaction Summary
=====================================================
Remove 1 Package(s)
Reinstall 0 Package(s)
Downgrade 0 Package(s)

Is this ok [y/N]: y
[…]
Running Transaction
Erasing : arora-0.10.2-2.fc12.i686 1/1

Removed:
arora.i686 0:0.10.2-2.fc12

Complete!

Yum history new

yum history new command delete/clear old history listing.

[root ~]> yum history new
Loaded plugins: dellsysidplugin2, fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit
history new

[root ~]> yum history
Loaded plugins: dellsysidplugin2, fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit
ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
————————————————————–
history list

Linux Questions-1

by Anil Jalela | Oct 17, 2022 | Linux

Q001:-How do you execute a UNIX command in the background?
Script &, screen

Q002:-Explain iostat, vmstat and netstat.
Iostat :- Report CPU statistics, and input/output statistics for devices and partitions.
VMSTAT:- vmstat reports information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, and CPU activity.
NETSTAT:- netstat displays a list of open sockets.

Q003:-Explain soft(symbolic)/hard link and difference.

A soft link is a pointer to something else in the file hierarchy. Thus it matters where on the visibly exposed hierarchy a file resides. This is why they can point to things on different filesystems, as long as they are mounted in a consistent spot.
Ex: ext2 partition mounted /mnt/a, reiserfs partition mounted /mnt/b, symlink /mnt/a/mylink -> /mnt/b/my_real_file
If b were unmounted, this link goes away. if a were mounted again as b, the association would also not work. this isn’t magic. There is time spent handling this redirection, that you don’t have with hard links. Accessing a symlink makes it need to find the symlink, realize it’s a symlink, then go to the actual file.

Hard link: different inodes representing the same physical location on the disk. Obviously can’t go outside of its partition boundaries (and be legal). Thus /file1 and /file2 are hard linked to the same physical location on the disk. There is no redirection here as there is with symlinks.

different
A hard link cannot span file systems.
A soft link can point to files anywhere on the network.
All hard links share the same inode number.
Each soft link has a unique inode number.
If you delete the source hard link file you can still access the other one. However, with a soft link, if you delete the source link, you cannot access the other one.
With a soft link, you can create a symbolic link to a file that does not exist yet. You cannot create a hard link unless the source file already exists.

Q004:-what is Kernel parameters?

Kernal parameters are nothing but all the parameters in
/etc/sysctl.conf here we can edit according to our requirements.

Q005:-How to check many CPUs have been used in your machine?

to check the how many CPUs are in the machine just type this
command #psrinfo to check the CPU spec
#psrinfo –v

Q006:-what is a daemon?

A process that runs in the background and performs a specified operation at predefined times or in response to certain events.

Q007:-I want to change the run level but the Users shall not be disturbed. how?

Init (run level)
systemctl list-units –type=target
systemctl isolate multi-user.target

Sysvinit Runlevel	Systemd Target	Function
0	runlevel0.target, poweroff.target	System halt/shutdown
1,single,s	System halt/shutdown	Single-user mode
2,4	runlevel2.target, runlevel4.target, multi-user.target	User-defined/Site-specific runlevels. By default, identical to 3.
3	runlevel3.target, multi-user.target	Multi-user, non-graphical mode, text console only
5	runlevel5.target, graphical.target	Multi-user, graphical mode
6	runlevel6.target, reboot.target	Reboot
emergency	emergency.target	Emergency mode

Q007:-Disk have 5GB disk utilization even though files are unable to create, why?

(1)ACL
(2)inod
(3)over quata

Q008:-sar command o/p?
using sar we can see cpu user system iowait steal idl process statistics in other word sar Collect report or save system activity information. 
sar -bBcdqrRuvwWy -I SUM -I XALL -n ALL -P ALL CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idl

1	CPU usage:	a. To get current CPU usage # sar 2 10 # sar -p 2 10 # sar -P ALL 2 10b. To get the CPU usage for the previous date, consider 14th: # sar -P ALL -f /var/log/sa/sa14c. To get the CPU usage for the 10th of the month, from 7 AM to 3 PM (i.e. specifying the time): # sar -P ALL -f /var/log/sa/sa10 -s 07:00:00 -e 15:00:00
2	Memory usage:	a. To get current memory usage: # sar -r 2 10b. To get the memory usage for the previous date, consider 14th: # sar -r -f /var/log/sa/sa14c. To get the memory usage for the 10th of the month, from 7 AM to 3 PM (i.e. specifying the time): # sar -r -f /var/log/sa/sa10 -s 07:00:00 -e 15:00:00
	Swap usage:	a. To get current swap usage: # sar -S 2 10b. To get swap usage for the previous date, consider 14th: # sar -S -f /var/log/sa/sa14c. To get swap usage for the 10th of the month, from 7 AM to 3 PM: # sar -S -f /var/log/sa/sa10 -s 07:00:00 -e 15:00:00
	Load Average:	a. To get current load average stats: # sar -q 2 10b. To get load average stats for the previous date, consider 14th: # sar -q -f /var/log/sa/sa14c. To get load average stats for the 10th of the month, from 7 AM to 3 PM: # sar -q -f /var/log/sa/sa10 -s 07:00:00 -e 15:00:00
	Paging usage:	a. To get current paging usage: # sar -B 2 10b. To get paging usage for the previous date, consider 14th: # sar -B -f /var/log/sa/sa14c. To get paging usage for the 10th of the month, from 7 AM to 3 PM: # sar -B -f /var/log/sa/sa10 -s 07:00:00 -e 15:00:00
	IO usage:	a. To get current IO usage: # sar -b 2 10b. To get IO usage for the previous date, consider 14th: # sar -b -f /var/log/sa/sa14c. To get IO usage for the 10th of the month, from 7 AM to 3 PM: # sar -b -f /var/log/sa/sa10 -s 07:00:00 -e 15:00:00
	Disk IO usage:	a. To get current disk IO usage: # sar -d -p 2 10b. To get disk IO usage for the previous date, consider 14th: # sar -d -p -f /var/log/sa/sa14c. To get disk IO usage for the 10th of the month, from 7 AM to 3 PM: # sar -d -p -f /var/log/sa/sa10 -s 07:00:00 -e 15:00:00
	Networking stats:	a. To get current network device stats: # sar -n DEV 2 10b. To get network device stats for the previous date, consider 14th: # sar -n DEV -f /var/log/sa/sa14c. To get network device stats for the 10th of the month, from 7 AM to 3 PM: # sar -n DEV -f /var/log/sa/sa10 -s 07:00:00 -e 15:00:00
	Power Management Stats:	a. To get current power management usage: # sar -m 2 10b. To get power management used for the previous date, consider 14th: # sar -m -f /var/log/sa/sa14c. To get power management used for the 10th of the month, from 7 AM to 3 PM: # sar -m ALL -f /var/log/sa/sa10 -s 07:00:00 -e 15:00:00
	Memory Stats (Page activities):	a. To get current memory stats: # sar -R 2 10b. To get memory stats for the previous date, consider 14th: # sar -R -f /var/log/sa/sa14c. To get memory stats for the 10th of the month, from 7 AM to 3 PM: # sar -R ALL -f /var/log/sa/sa10 -s 07:00:00 -e 15:00:00

Create a CSR using Openssl

by Anil Jalela | Oct 2, 2022 | Linux

Create a CSR certificate for your domain name with help with OpenSSL.

[root@server2 ~]# mkdir /etc/httpd/conf/ssl/csr/www.nitwings.com/ -p
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@server2 ~]# /usr/bin/openssl genrsa 2048 > /etc/httpd/conf/ssl/csr/www.nitwings.com/www.nitwings.com.key
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
……………………………………………………………………+++
…………………+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@server2 ~]# chmod go-rwx /etc/httpd/conf/ssl/csr/www.nitwings.com/www.nitwings.com.key
[root@server2 ~]# openssl req -new -key /etc/httpd/conf/ssl/csr/www.nitwings.com/www.nitwings.com.key > /etc/httpd/conf/ssl/csr/www.nitwings.com/www.nitwings.com.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.
—–
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:IN
State or Province Name (full name) []:Maharashtra
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Mumbai
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:Nitwings Pvt.Ltd
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:SDU
Common Name (eg, your name or your server’s hostname) []:www.nitwings.com
Email Address []:[email protected]

Please enter the following ‘extra’ attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
You have mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@server2 ~]#cat /etc/httpd/conf/ssl/csr/www.nitwings.com/www.nitwings.com.csr

submit CSR to SSL provider.

Encrypt Shell Script

by Anil Jalela | Sep 29, 2022 | Linux

SFC is a Generic shell script compiler. We can use SFC binary to encrypt the shell script. Using SFC you can set the expiry date of your shell script.

yum install shc

shc [ -e date ] [ -m addr ] [ -i iopt ] [ -x cmnd ] [ -l lopt ] [ -o outfile ] [ -ABCDhUHvSr ] -f script

encrypt the blackpost.sh

shc -f blackpost.sh

blackpost.sh is the original unencrypted shell script
blackpost.sh.x is the encrypted shell script in binary format
blackpost.sh.x.c is the C source code of the blackpost.sh file.
This C source code is compiled to create the above encrypted blackpost.sh.x file.
The whole logic behind the shc is to convert the blackpost.sh shell script to blackpost.sh.x.c C program (and of course compile that to generate the blackpost.sh.x executable

Expiration Date for Shell Script:-

shc -e 11/11/2022 -m “call to aniljalela” -f blackpost.sh

Redistributable Encrypted Shell Scripts:-

-r will relax security to create a redistributable binary that executes on other systems that runs the same operating system as the one on which it was compiled.

-v is for verbose

shc -v -r -f blackpost.sh

configure own proxy

by Anil Jalela | Sep 29, 2022 | Linux

There are many use cases of proxy servers. It can range from individual Internet access to restricting organizational systems/servers from accessing the outside world or limiting external Internet access to a set of servers on the cloud.

The best way to configure a proxy server is by using Squid Proxy. It is a widely used proxy server.

The concept of a proxy server offers a surprisingly large number of benefits:

Control Internet access in corporate networks
Bandwidth savings for large networks
Improved speed
Privacy
Security
Bypass censorship

yum -y install squid
htpasswd -bc /etc/squid/squid_passwd squidadmin your-password
cp /etc/squid/squid.conf /etc/squid/org_squid.conf

echo ”

auth_param basic program /usr/lib64/squid/basic_ncsa_auth /etc/squid/squid_passwd
acl ncsa_users proxy_auth REQUIRED
http_access allow ncsa_users

acl manager proto cache_object
acl localhost src 127.0.0.1/32
acl to_localhost dst 127.0.0.0/8 0.0.0.0/32
acl SSL_ports port 443
acl Safe_ports port 80 # http
acl Safe_ports port 21 # ftp
acl Safe_ports port 443 # https
acl Safe_ports port 1025-65535 # unregistered ports
acl Safe_ports port 280 # http-mgmt
acl Safe_ports port 488 # gss-http
acl Safe_ports port 591 # filemaker
acl Safe_ports port 777 # multiling http
acl CONNECT method CONNECT

http_access allow manager localhost
http_access deny manager
http_access deny !Safe_ports
http_access deny CONNECT !SSL_ports
http_access deny all
http_port 3128

hierarchy_stoplist cgi-bin ?
coredump_dir /var/spool/squid
cache deny all

refresh_pattern ^ftp: 1440 20% 10080
refresh_pattern ^gopher: 1440 0% 1440
refresh_pattern -i (/cgi-bin/|\?) 0 0% 0
refresh_pattern . 0 20% 4320

icp_port 3130

forwarded_for off

request_header_access Allow allow all
request_header_access Authorization allow all
request_header_access Proxy-Authorization allow all
request_header_access Proxy-Authenticate allow all
request_header_access Cache-Control allow all
request_header_access Content-Encoding allow all
request_header_access Content-Length allow all
request_header_access Content-Type allow all
request_header_access Date allow all
request_header_access Expires allow all
request_header_access Host allow all
request_header_access If-Modified-Since allow all
request_header_access Last-Modified allow all
request_header_access Location allow all
request_header_access Pragma allow all
request_header_access Accept allow all
request_header_access Accept-Charset allow all
request_header_access Accept-Encoding allow all
request_header_access Accept-Language allow all
request_header_access Content-Language allow all
request_header_access Mime-Version allow all
request_header_access Retry-After allow all
request_header_access Title allow all
request_header_access Connection allow all
request_header_access Proxy-Connection allow all
request_header_access User-Agent allow all
request_header_access Cookie allow all
request_header_access All deny all
visible_hostname nitwings.com

” > squid.conf

sudo systemctl start squid
sudo systemctl enable squid

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Next Entries »

Ci Tool Jenkins

Yum (Yellowdog Update Modified)

Linux Questions-1

Create a CSR using Openssl

Encrypt Shell Script

configure own proxy

Your Wings